Once animal testing was the only safe and reliable method to check the toxicity of drugs and microorganisms. After the Elixir Sulfanilamide scandal of 1937, the congress bound manufactures to test substances that are about to enter the market on animals. Today we have sophisticated tests that do not involve animals in all that dirty work. We consider animal testing cruel and expensive, though ethical concerns usually take over. Alternatives to animal testing include in vitro tests on human cells and tissues as well as in silico computer-modeled tests. Studies with human volunteers are also common, however,
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Hurricane Katrina became one of the most hazardous storms that have ever reached the Gulf Coast. The Category 5 winds destroyed levees along the major lakes and the Mississippi River. The flood crashed about 80% of New Orleans, once the wealthiest city in the US. Only within 5 years, 80% of the evacuated city residents came back, but New Orleans’ historic property lost in the storm cannot be restored. The tropical storm that reached the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005, had formed a week earlier over the Bahamas. The reports about evacuation have come by August
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The Vietnam War drew the line between the communist government of North Vietnam with its allies and South Vietnam with the US. After World War II, parts of Vietnam were occupied by Japanese forces with Emperor Bao Dai in charge. At this time, pro-communist Vietnamese political leader Ho Chi Minh took an opportunity to secure his positions in North Vietnam and declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Both Bao Dai and Ho Chi Minh aimed at creating a unified Vietnam. However, the communist rule did not satisfy Japanese Emperor and his western allies. In course of the
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As World War II was over, the US economy rose high. During the 1950s – 60s, Americans felt especially confident about their future, and about 76 million of new babies were born in this period. Today, baby-boomers make up about 40% of the American population, which creates concerns about so many people retiring at the same time. Since the 1970s, the birth rates have steadily dropped in most developed countries, and the number of aged people now prevails in the US. The generation of baby boomers played an important part in social movements of the 20th century.
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The Manhattan Project has started yet before World War II. It attempted to develop a functional atomic bomb that could be used in the war. The US feared that German scientists had been creating a similar weapon since the 1930s. Since 1939, the agencies created by President Roosevelt started working on the nuclear project. While the US prepared for the nuclear project, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. President Roosevelt declared that the US would enter World War II to fight against Germany and Japan. On December 28, 1942, Roosevelt eventually launched the Manhattan Project, having authorized scientists to
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